Wheat flour without additives

On this Wikipedia the wheat flour without additives links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Numerous forms of wheat have evolved under human selection.

This diversity has led to confusion in the naming of wheats, with names based on both genetic and morphological characteristics. Free-threshing wheat is closely related to spelt. As with spelt, genes contributed from Aegilops tauschii give bread wheat greater cold hardiness than most wheats, and it is cultivated throughout the world’s temperate regions. Common wheat was first domesticated in Western Asia during the early Holocene, and spread from there to North Africa, Europe and East Asia in the prehistoric period.

Roman burial sites ranging from 100BCE to 300CE . Wheat first reached North America with Spanish missions in the 16th century, but North America’s role as a major exporter of grain dates from the colonization of the prairies in the 1870s. As grain exports from Russia ceased in the First World War, grain production in Kansas doubled. Worldwide, bread wheat has proved well adapted to modern industrial baking, and has displaced many of the other wheat, barley, and rye species that were once commonly used for bread making, particularly in Europe. Modern wheat varieties have been selected for short stems, the result of RHt dwarfing genes that reduce the plant’s sensitivity to gibberellic acid, a plant hormone that lengthens cells. Triticum compactum, but in India T.

Their shorter rachis segments lead to spikelets packed closer together. The world wheat book : a history of wheat breeding. Excellent resource for 20th century plant breeding. Wheat taxonomy : the legacy of John Percival.

London: Linnean Society, Linnean Special Issue 3. Domestication of Old World plants: the origin and spread of cultivated plants in West Asia. Standard reference for evolution and early history. Occurrence of different inter-varietal and inter-organ defence strategies towards supra-optimal zinc concentrations in two cultivars of Triticum aestivum L”. Ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat”. Evolution of Polyploid Triticum Wheats under Cultivation: The Role of Domestication, Natural Hybridization and Allopolyploid Speciation in their Diversification”.

Plant offerings from Roman cremations in northern Italy: a review”. Perfect” markers for the Rht-B1b and Rht-D1b dwarfing genes in wheat”. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. People eat it most often in the form of bread. World trade in wheat is greater than for all other crops combined.

Globally, wheat is the leading source of vegetable protein in human food. Wheat was a key factor enabling the emergence of city-based societies at the start of civilization. It was one of the first crops that could be easily cultivated on a large scale, and its seeds could be stored for long periods in a dry climate. The wheat plant has long, slender leaves, stems that are hollow in most types of wheat plants, and heads that have many kinds of flowers, from 20 to 100. The flowers are grouped together in spikelets.

Each spikelet has two to six flowers. In most spikelets, two or three of the flowers become fertilized, and this makes them produce the grains used for food. All cultivated wheats have more than one normal diploid set of chromosomes. The increases in chromosome sets occurs naturally at a low rate.

Because they have more chromosomes, their ears of wheat are larger. All man did was to select the plants with extra fat ears of wheat when they occurred. Now a whole range of cultivated wheats are available. A hexaploid species that is the most widely cultivated in the world.

Another hexaploid species cultivated in limited quantities. The only tetraploid form of wheat widely used today, and the second most widely cultivated wheat. A tetraploid species, cultivated in ancient times but no longer in widespread use. A diploid species with wild and cultivated variants. Domesticated at the same time as emmer wheat, but never reached the same importance. It was one of the first crops domesticated in the Near East. In the wild, the awns of emmer wheat spikelets help them dig into the soil.

With humidity in the night, the awns of the spikelet become erect and draw together, and in the process push the grain into the soil. During the day, the humidity drops and the awns slacken back again. During the course of days and nights, the awns’ pumping movements drill the spikelet as much as an inch into the soil. Grains of wild einkorn have been found in Paleolithic sites of the Fertile Crescent.