Manganese deficiency in poultry

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Manganese is a chemical element with the symbol Mn and atomic number 25. It is a hard, brittle, silvery metal, often found in minerals in combination with iron. Manganese is also an essential human dietary element, important in macronutrient metabolism, bone formation, and free radical defense systems. It is a critical component in dozens of proteins and enzymes. It is found mostly in the bones, but also the liver, kidneys, and brain.

Manganese was first isolated in 1774. It is familiar in the laboratory in the form of the deep violet salt potassium permanganate. It occurs at the active sites in some enzymes. Manganese is a silvery-gray metal that resembles iron. It is hard and very brittle, difficult to fuse, but easy to oxidize. Manganese metal and its common ions are paramagnetic. Naturally occurring manganese is composed of one stable isotope, 55Mn.

Manganese is part of the iron group of elements, which are thought to be synthesized in large stars shortly before the supernova explosion. 53Mn decays to 53Cr with a half-life of 3. The most common Mn ore, pyrolusite, is MnO2. It is the dark brown pigment of many cave drawings but is also a common ingredient in dry cell batteries. 3 are rarely encountered but can be stabilized by suitably basic ligands. 2, which has a pale pink color.

Common oxidation states are in bold. Manganese forms a large variety of organometallic derivatives, i. The organometallic derivatives include numerous examples of Mn in its lower oxidation states, i. This area of organometallic chemistry is attractive because Mn is inexpensive and of relatively low toxicity. The origin of the name manganese is complex. Some of the cave paintings in Lascaux, France, use manganese-based pigments.