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Leaf anatomy borsch hugo borsch most C4 plants. The molecule exits the cell and enters the bundle sheath cells.

It is then broken down into CO2 and pyruvate. CO2 enters the Calvin cycle to produce carbohydrates. Pyruvate reenters the mesophyll cell, where it is reused to produce malate or aspartate. Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants.

C4 fixation is an addition to the ancestral and more common C3 carbon fixation. On one hand, these additional steps require more energy in the form of ATP to regenerate PEP. On the other hand, concentrating CO2 allows high rates of photosynthesis at higher temperatures. Cross section of a maize leaf, a C4 plant. C4 plants often possess a characteristic leaf anatomy called kranz anatomy, from the German word for wreath. Although most C4 plants exhibit kranz anatomy, there are, however, a few species that operate a limited C4 cycle without any distinct bundle sheath tissue.